Meta-Analysis of the Influence of the Inquiry Model on Student Learning Outcomes

ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION
Education is not only seen as an effort to provide information and the formation of skills, but is expanded to include efforts to realize individual desires, needs and abilities so that a satisfactory personal and social lifestyle is achieved, education is not merely a means of preparing for future life, but for the lives of children now who are experiencing development towards their maturity level.Education is a learning process obtained by According to Gagne and Driscoll (1988) is the result of students' learning abilities as a result of learning actions and can be observed through student performance (student performance).Obtaining learning outcomes as expected to achieve learning objectives can be done in various ways.One of the ways to do this is by using a learning model.modellearning is ‚ a plan or pattern that we can use to design face to face teaching in classrooms or tutorial settings and to shape instructional materials including books, films, tape, computer mediated programs, and curricula (Joyce, B. et al., 1992).According to this understanding, the learning model functions more as a framework for designing face-to-face activities, determining teaching materials, and learning support media.
Learning model is a conceptual framework that can be used as a guide by teachers in learning.Learning models can become a reference for teachers and students regarding what should be done to achieve learning goals.The learning model is also used by the teacher in an effort to bring students to the desired behavioral changes.Learning models can help improve teaching and learning process activities while improving student learning outcomes.One learning model that can be used to improve student learning outcomes is the inquiry model.
The inquiry model is a series of learning activities that emphasize the process of thinking critically and analytically to seek and find answers to a problem in question.The inquiry model is built on the assumption that from birth humans have the urge to find their own knowledge.In the inquiry model students are directly involved in the learning process.The teacher is no longer the center of learning but rather as a promoter or companion.With the inquiry inquiry method will train students to dare to express opinions and find their own knowledge that is useful for solving problems.Using inquiry learning methods efficiently and effectively will reduce the teacher's monopoly in controlling the course of the learning process, and students' boredom in a lesson will decrease.In the learning model students are very guided to find concepts (Mufit, 2019).
Meta-analysis is a form of quantitative research that uses numbers and statistical methods from several research results to organize and extract as much information as possible from the data obtained, so as to approach comprehensiveness with other purposes.One of the requirements needed in conducting a meta-analysis is an assessment of the results of similar studies.Sutjipto (1995) defines meta-analysis as an attempt to summarize various research results quantitatively.In other words, meta-analysis as a technique is intended to re-analyze research results that are processed statistically based on primary data collection.(Samsidar et al, 2019), argues that meta-analysis is a study by analyzing data from primary studies.The results of the primary study analysis are used as a basis for accepting or supporting the hypothesis, and can also be used to reject/abort the hypothesis proposed by several researchers.Besides that,Soekamto (1988) says that the nature of meta-analysis includes quantitative, and uses statistical analysis to obtain a series of information derived from a number of data from previous studies.
According to Glass (1981) meta-analysis is a quantitative analysis and uses a large amount of data and applies statistical methods by practicing them in organizing a number of information derived from large samples whose function is to complement other purposes.According to Borg (1983) meta-analysis is the latest development technique to help researchers find consistency or inconsistency in cross-assessment of results from similar research results.Syagiah et al ( 2023) concluded that meta-analysis according to Anwar and Festiyed (2023)  processing, and presenting data that is carried out systematically and objectively to solve a problem or test a hypothesis by conducting investigations of existing studies by describing and examining the parts of each study.as well as the relationship of each study to obtain conclusions and in-depth understanding of the research being studied.
Effect size is a quantitative index used to summarize study results in a meta-analysis.That is, the effect size reflects the magnitude of the relationship between variables in each study.The choice of effect size index depends on the type of data used in the study.According to Borenstein, et al (2009), there are four types of data in research, namely: a) dichotomy; In data that is constructed in a dichotomous manner, such as life/death, success/failure, yes/no, the effect sizes used include relative risk or risk ratio (RR), odds ratio (OR), or risk difference (RD).Suppose a meta-analysis consists of k studies.These studies have dichotomous or binary outcome variables.The results of each study can be presented in a 2x2 contingency table.This table provides information on the number of participants divided into two groups, i.e. a). the experimental and control groups experienced both events and no events, b) Continuous; For data that is constructed continuously, such as loss of weight and blood pressure, the effect size used includes the mean difference (MD) or standardized mean difference (SMD), c) Time-To-Event Or Survival Time; For this type of data, for example relapse time, recovery time, a hazard ratio is used, d) Ordinals; A result categorized by a certain category, eg mild/moderate/severe, e) Time-To-Event or Survival Time; For this type of data, for example relapse time, recovery time, a hazard ratio is used, f) Ordinals; A result categorized by a certain category, eg mild/moderate/severe. c) Time-To-Event Or Survival Time; For this type of data, for example relapse time, recovery time, a hazard ratio is used, and g) Ordinals; A result categorized by a certain category, eg mild/moderate/severe.
Based on this description, this study aims to analyze the effect of using the inquiry learning model on student learning outcomes and in terms of educational level and the influence on the subjects obtained by comparing the effect sizes obtained.Based on the phenomena that often occur during the process of learning activities, the lack of student learning outcomes is very concerning As is generally the case with similar research, it is hoped that this meta-analysis will be useful in the field of education, especially teachers who will apply the inquiry model.

METHODS
This study uses a meta-analysis method by reviewing several articles in national and international journals.Meta-analysis is quantitative because it uses the calculation of numbers and statistics for practical purposes, namely to compile and extract information from a large amount of data that is not possible with other methods.
Coding in meta-analysis is an important requirement in order to facilitate the collection and analysis of data.Because of this, the instrument in this meta-analysis study was carried out using coding categories.The variables used are student learning outcomes in the form of pre-test and post-test scores.
Step-data tabulation steps are (1) identification of research variables.Once found, enter into the appropriate variable column, (2) identify the mean and standard deviation of the experimental and control group data for each subject/sub-study, (3) calculate the effect size using the Glass formula (4) based on the mean and standard deviation by finding the effect size (Δ) by dividing the difference between the experimental group's mean (XE) and the control group's mean (XK), with the standard deviation of the control group (SK).The formula is:

Effect size
This meta-analytic research uses 11 articles about the use of the inquiry model to improve student learning outcomes.This article consists of several levels of education.Below is the article used.could be grouped into two namely physics and science.Each effect size can be seen in the table below.In the subjects studied, calculations were carried out in Table 5.

Discussion
Effect Size of The Implementation of The Inquiry Model to Student Learning Outcomes Effect size is a part that plays an important role in meta-analysis research.Effect size indicates the magnitude of the influence of a treatment relationship between two variables.In addition, the effect size also provides information related to the results of the journal summary being analyzed.By determining the effect size of each study, the overall average effect size can be determined.In this study, the calculation of the effect size value uses the Cohen formula.
The relationship between the variables described in this study is the relationship between the influence of the inquiry model on students' cognitive learning outcomes.In addition, it also explains the relationship between the influence of the inquiry learning model on several levels of education.The influence of the inquiry model at the elementary school level, the inquiry model affects students' cognitive learning outcomes.At the vocation school education level, it has the lowest influence from all levels of education studied.
The average effect size value of the 11 journals which are summarized by 5 articles has a very high effect category, namely JK1, JK4, JK6, JK10, and JK11.Two articles with medium category JK3 and JK8 and three articles with small effect, namely JK5, JK7 and JK9.The calculation of the effect size value produces an average effect size value of 0.89 so with this value it can be said that the application of the inquiry model to student learning outcomes is included in the high category.Where does this value mean that the application of the inquiry model is effective in learning.

Effect Size in Each Education Level
Overall, the inquiry model has a positive effect on students' cognitive learning outcomes.The difference in the average value of student learning outcomes in this cognitive aspect indicates that there is an influence from the revision of the actions taken on the application of the inquiry model (Asrizal 2018).From the subject of different levels of education where the inquiry model is used, the research findings show that the application of the inquiry model is more effective at all levels of education.Judging from the value of the effect size the inquiry model is more effectively used at the high school level.According to Piaget's theory, the cognitive development of junior and senior high school students, between the ages of 11-18 years, is capable of thinking abstractly and logically (Budiningsih, 2004).This means that the inquiry model can be applied to students at all levels of elementary, junior high, vocational and high school education.

Effect size on Subject Variables
based on the price of the effect size generated in the application of the inquiry learning model in Physics and Science subjects, it has a moderate and very high effect category.Overall a positive effect.In science subjects it has a high effect because this inquiry model is very suitable for science subjects.The model syntax resembles the steps of scientific work so it is very suitable to be applied to science subjects,In the inquiry model students are directly involved in the learning process in accordance with natural science subjects that can be ponded directly in everyday life.

CONCLUSION
The results of the meta-analysis in this study concluded that the use of the inquiry model greatly influenced students at the senior high school education level.The lowest influence effect is at the vocational education level, this can be due to internal and external factors that influence such as the environment, conditions of lack of tools and so on.Overall the inquiry model gives a positive influence on learning outcomes.In inquiry-based education, students become involved in many activities and thought processes that students use to generate new knowledge.From the calculation of the effect size using the Glass comparison formula and its derivative formula, it produces 0.89.This price shows that the application of the inquiry model in learning is well used.
is a technique used to summarize various research results quantitatively by looking for effect size values.The effect size is sought by finding the difference in the average experimental class with the average control class, then divided by the standard deviation of the control class.Thus, meta-analytic research is an activity of collecting, Student Learning Outcomes Journal of Innovative Physics Teaching (JIPT)|Vol 1| No 2| 155-164

Table 2 .
The average value of the control class and experimental student learning outcomes.

Table 5 .
Effect Size On Subject Variables